【安永洞察】Luxembourg fund series – Chapter One
With the increasing need for investorprotection and transparency, change in international tax environment, Europeaninvestors’ interest in allocating assets to emerging markets includingMainland China which is matched by managers’ desire tosource limited partners from Europe, we have seen an increasing interest infund managers in Asia (including those based in Mainland China) to raiseonshore Luxembourg funds. On 18 February 2020, the European Union (EU) addedthe Cayman Islands to its list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for taxpurposes. Even though the direct consequences are limited at present as the EUhas not developed comprehensive sanctions, this recent development furtherdraws attention of Asian fund managers to review their current and future fundstructures in Cayman Islands and other offshore financial centers, especiallythose having underlying investments in Europe. In other words, choosing aregulated and recognized fund jurisdiction which provides tax certainty andsustainability has become more important. Luxembourg is one of the locationswhich possesses the above advantages.
In this first article of the Luxembourgfund series, we aim to give a brief introduction on the Luxembourg fund regime,benefits and necessity to establish a Luxembourg fund for both commercial andtax purposes, and considerations that fund manager should be aware of whensetting up a Luxembourg fund.
Q1. What is the marketscale and ecosystem of the investment fund industry in Luxembourg?
► Second largest investment fundcenter after the US, and is a worldwide leader in cross-border fund
distribution.
► As of December 2019, there aremore than 14,800 Luxembourg-domiciled funds with over €4.7 trillion in assets1, which are distributed inmore than 70 jurisdictions.
► Stable political and socialenvironment, with a national competent authority with strong fund industryfocus.
► Favorable regulatory and taxrules, while adherence to the international standards.
► High concentration of investmentfund experts specialized in all aspects of product development, administrationand distribution.
Q2. Why more and morefund managers are choosing Luxembourg as the fund domicile?
► Luxembourg fund solutions aretested and well-understood by international investors.
► Due to the corporate governanceor internal polices of the EU institutional investors, they would prefer (oronly be allowed) to invest in an EU-domiciled fund which is regulated by itsrespective competent authority. The long established outstanding internationalfinancial services reputation of Luxembourg has increased the confidence ofinvestors.
► Luxembourg funds – Undertaking ofCollective Investment in Transferrable Securities (UCITS) and AlternativeInvestment Funds (AIFs) – benefit from a “Product” passport enabling them to bedistributed to investors in the EU and Economic European Area (EEA), followinga notification procedure. Non-European funds / Luxembourg funds which do notbenefit from a “Product”passport would need to rely on the targeted country’sdistribution regulations.
► Under the prevailinginternational tax environment, tax authorities around the globe are targetingstructures / arrangements established for tax avoidance purpose. Luxembourg isone of the ideal jurisdictions where it would be commercially feasible toestablish fund holding and management structures supported by reasonablecommercial purpose and substance.
► Luxembourg has a wide treatynetwork and a favorable domestic tax regime which is compliant with the EUDirective. The use of Luxembourg fund platform would not increase investors’ tax burden but mayreduce tax leakage. Qualified management fees received by Luxembourg basedmanagers are exempt from Value-Added Tax.
Q3. What is thedifference of Undertaking of Collective Investment in Transferrable SecuritiesDirective (UCITS) and Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD)?
UCITS and AIFMD are regulatoryframeworks introduced in the EU aiming to offer high levels of investorprotection appropriate for retail investors and professional investors,respectively. UCITS are open-ended funds investing in transferable securitiessuch as shares and bonds which are subject to a harmonized EU regulatoryregime. Investment funds that fulfill the requirements of UCITS benefit from a “passport” permitting them to be freely marketed throughout the EU.
Investment in real estate, privateequity, venture capital, hedge funds and debt funds fall outside the scope ofUCITS but is subject to AIFMD, which regulates managers of such non-UCITSinvestment funds (i.e., alternative investment funds or AIFs). Authorizedmanagers of AIFs benefit from a “passport”, allowingthem to market to professional investors through the EU.
Luxembourg was the first EU memberstate to transpose UCITS into national law; and one of the first EU memberstates to implement AIFMD. These first mover effects contribute to the successof Luxembourg’s investment fund industry.
Q4. What are the availablefund regimes in Luxembourg for AIFs?
Below investment vehicles are availablefor the setting up of AIFs in Luxembourg:
Regulated investment funds which aresubject to direct supervision of the Commission de Surveillance du SecteurFinancier (CSSF)
► Part II Undertakings forCollective Investment (Part II UCI)
► Specialised Investment Fund (SIF)
► Investment Company in RiskCapital (SICAR)
Unregulated investment funds which donot require prior approval by CSSF for the fund formation
►Reserved Alternative Investment Fund(RAIF) indirectly regulated by the competent authority of its alternativeinvestment fund manager (AIFM), i.e., in Luxembourg it is CSSF
►Financial participation company(SOPARFI) and unregulated partnerships
Based on the investment strategy,targeted investors and marketing strategy of the proposed fund, we can advisean appropriate investment fund regime, the legal form of the fund vehicle(e.g., common fund or corporate form), requirements on the fund manager andthird-party service providers, as well as fund governance, tax, accounting andother regulatory requirements. We can assist in the implementation of theselected Luxembourg fund holding and management structure, with the objectiveto complying with the AIFMD and achieving operational and tax efficiency.
Q5. What are the factorsthat fund manager should consider when setting up a Luxembourg fund?
► Investor base and fund size
► Investment strategy, type andlocation of assets
► Marketing / distributionstrategy
► Regulatory environment andcompliance requirements
► Initial set up costs and ongoingmaintenance costs
► Speed required in setting up thefund vehicle and management structures
► Choices between regulated versusunregulated structures
► Risk diversification
► Choice between standalone orumbrella structure
► Flexibility in corporatestructure and governance
► Potential tax advantages
► Ecosystem of the fund industry
Q6. A non-EU / non- EEAmanager would consider raising and marketing an unregulatedLuxembourg-domiciled to investors in EU and Asia. Would it be possible?
A non-EU / non-EEA manager mustregister with the local competent authority of the relevant EU member states inwhich the fund would be marketed according to the respective national privateplacement rules. This would cause the fund to be subject to ongoing supervisionby the competent authority in each jurisdiction, increasing the compliance costs.If the non-EU / non-EEA manager desires to obtain a “passport” for marketing its AIF in EU, it may apply for authorization as anAIFM with a competent authority in an EU member state (e.g., Luxembourg). Thiswould require the manager to comply with the AIFMD rules as an EU-manager.
Some may choose to engage a third partyAIFM which would delegate part of the portfolio management / investmentfunction to the non-EU / non-EEA manager while keeping risk managementfunctions. This would allow the passporting of AIF throughout EU whilemanaging the compliance cost via engaging third party AIFM.
The marketing of Luxembourg fund inAsia would be subject to the distribution rules imposed by the competentauthority in the relevant Asian jurisdiction provided that such jurisdiction isopen for cross-border fund distribution.
Q7. Can a Luxembourg fund be marketedto Asian and US investors?
It should be possible for both Asianand US investors to invest in a Luxembourg fund vehicle. That said, consideringthe tax burden of these non-EU investors in their home jurisdiction, fundmanagers may consider if it is advisable to establish a parallel fund in theUS, e.g., Delaware, alongside the Luxembourg fund; or a feeder fund into the Luxembourgfund to optimize the fund structure.
Marketing of UCITS and AIF outside theEU / EEA is subject to each country’s national regime.
Q8. What is the initialformation cost and maintenance cost of a Luxembourg fund?
Despite of the sophisticated nature ofthe fund regime, the initial formation and maintenance costs of a Luxembourgfund are not significantly higher than (actually approximate) that of a fundvehicle established in an offshore jurisdiction. We set out below an example ofthe costs of setting up a Luxembourg-domiciled fund vehicle under the SIF andRAIF regime.
Initial formation cost (one-off)
Notary fee: €2,000 - €5,000
CSSF initial authorization fee*:
► Single compartment €4,000
► Multiple compartment €8,000
Legal fees:
► SIF: €50,000 - €60,000
► RAIF: €40,000-€50,000
Other costs: advisoryfees, printing of prospectus or offering document
Maintenance cost (annual)
CSSF annual fee*:
► Single compartment €4,000
► Multiple compartment from €8,000
Portfoliomanagement or investment advisory service fees: generally ranging from 0.05% to 2% of net assets. Minimum amountsand reduced fee rates for certain asset levels may apply. In addition, aperformance fee, usually ranging from 5% to 20%, may also apply.
Managementfee: the range varies according tostrategy, size, targeted market, etc, generally it is 0.03% to 0.12% ofnet assets for AIFM.
Depositary: generally 0.05% - 0.1% of net asset value. Minimum amounts andreduced fee rates for certain asset levels may apply.
Administrator: generally 0.1% - 0.3% of net asset value. Minimum amounts andreduced fee rates for certain asset levels may apply.
Audit fee: depending on the size and complexity of the fund
Other costs: directors’ fees, legal fees,cross-border registration application, authorization, and maintenance fees,etc.
* Not applicable for RAIF
The Luxembourg fund vehicles are consideredto be a sustainable model given their adherence to international standards. Asthe Luxembourg regulatory regime is becoming more flexible and creative tocater for the commercial needs of fund managers and international investors, weare seeing that the use of Luxembourg fund vehicles is gaining momentum.
EY supports asset managers, traditional andalternative investment fund houses through the choice of fund vehicles, theanalysis of target markets, the definition of an efficient operating and taxmodel and distribution strategy, and the selection of service providers. If you would consider setting up yournext fund or redomicile your fund to Luxembourg, please feel free to contactus. Our Luxembourg fund team would be happy to further discuss with you.
This material has been prepared for generalinformational purposes only and is not intended to be relied upon asaccounting, tax, or other professional advice. Please contact us for specificadvice.
1. Source: https://www.alfi.lu/